The Salic Law - Early Germanic Law Code and Law of Royal Succession

Definition: The Salic Law was the early Germanic law code of the Salian Franks. Originally dealing primarily with criminal penalties and procedures, with some civil law included, the Salic Law evolved over the centuries, and it would later play an important role in the rules governing royal succession; specifically, it would be used in the rule barring women from inheriting the throne. In the early Middle Ages, when barbarian kingdoms were forming in the wake of the dissolution of the western Roman empire, law codes like the Breviary of Alaric were issued by royal decree. Most of these, while focusing on the Germanic subjects of the kingdom, were clearly influenced by Roman law and Christian morals. The earliest written Salic Law, which had been transmitted orally for generations, is generally free of such influences, and thus provides a valuable window into early Germanic culture. The Salic Law was first officially issued toward the end of the reign of Clovis in the early 6th century. Written in Latin, it had a list of fines for offenses ranging from petty theft to rape and murder (the only crime that would expressly result in death was if a bondsman of the king, or a leet, should carry off a free woman.) Fines for insults and practicing magic were also included. In addition to laws delineating specific penalties, there were also sections on honoring summonses, the transference of property, and migration; and there was one section on inheritance of private property that expressly barred women from inheriting land. Over the centuries, the law would be altered, systematized, and re-issued, especially under Charlemagne and his successors, who translated it into Old High German. It would apply in the lands that had been part of the Carolingian Empire, most especially in France. But it would not be directly applied to the laws of succession until the 15th century. Beginning in the 1300s, French legal scholars began attempting to provide juridical grounds to keep women from succeeding to the throne. Custom, Roman law, and the priestly aspects of kingship were used to justify this exclusion. Barring women and descent through women was especially important to the nobility of France when Edward III of England tried to lay claim to the French throne through descent on his mothers side, an action that led to the Hundred Years War. In 1410, the first recorded mention of Salic Law appeared in a treatise rebutting Henry IV of Englands claims to the the French crown. Strictly speaking, this was not a correct application of the law; the original code did not address the inheritance of titles. But in this treatise a legal precedent had been set that would thenceforward be associated with the Salic Law. In the 1500s, scholars dealing with the theory of royal power promoted the Salic Law as an essential law of France. It was used expressly to deny the candidacy for the French throne of the Spanish infanta Isabella in 1593. From then on, the Salic Law of Succession was accepted as a core legal premise, although other reasons were also given for barring women from the crown. The Salic Law was used in this context in France up until 1883. The Salic Law of Succession was by no means universally applied in Europe. England and the Scandinavian lands allowed women to rule; and Spain had no such law until the 18th century, when Philip V of the House of Bourbon introduced a less strict variation of the code (it was later repealed). But, though Queen Victoria would reign over a vast British Empire and even hold the title Empress of India, she was barred by the Salic Law from succeeding to the throne of Hanover, which was separated from Britains holdings when she became queen of England and was ruled over by her uncle. Also Known As: Lex Salica (in Latin)

The Birth Of The Realism And Modernism Era - 1322 Words

Edith Wharton Literary History The birth of the Realism and Modernism era appeared during the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century. Both Realism and Modernism are evident in many of Edith Wharton’s literary works. Realism came from chaotic times where it â€Å"encompasses the period of time from the Civil War†(Realism from American). The United States grew enormously after the civil war with â€Å"the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigration, and a relative rise in middle-class† (Realism from American) influencing a â€Å"fertile literary environment† (Realism from american) which has depicted social change and the middle-class through literary work. Realism in literary works†¦show more content†¦Edith Wharton, â€Å"one of America’s greatest writers† (The Mount), used realism to tell â€Å"her stories and novels about the upper-class society into which she was born† (Edith Wharton). Ed ith Wharton quickly became a literary genius â€Å"For a period of 15 years or more, she produced work of considerable interest both for its realism and its intensity† (Justice to Edith). Wharton’s literary writing â€Å" turned her artistic eye toward critiquing the ways that power comports itself within American culture along the great axes of sex and class†(Edith Wharton A) which manifests realism throughout her novels. In most of Wharton’s novels, â€Å"women characters are trapped by the incestuous impulse underlying Western culture†(Edith Wharton A) which strongly depict realism in her novels: Summer, The House of the Dead Hand and Beatrice Palmato(Edith Wharton A). More so, Wharton’s novels Twilight Sleep, The Reef and The Age of Innocence†(Edith Wharton A) also share characteristics of realism by depicting â€Å"their own desire and pain by social conventions†(Edith Wharton A). Wharton’s writing not only manifeste d realism yet she also incorporated a twist of modernism. Wharton portrays modernism through her â€Å"short stories†(Edith Wharton’s Modernist) which often are â€Å"reworkings, frequently subversive in character, of traditional plots andShow MoreRelatedBiogrpahy of Ella Wheeler Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesIngersoll, Jack London, Elbert Hubbard, H. Spencer Lewis and other world leaders both in the United States and out. They also enjoyed decorating their home with things they brought from all their trips. In 1887 she gave birth to a baby boy, unfortunately the baby past away hours later of the birth. After 30 years of marriage Mr.Wilcox passes away in 1916. Then three years later after her husband’s death during a trip to France, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. Later that year the malignant growth inRead MoreSunrise: a Song of Two Humans and The Notebook809 Words   |  3 Pagesindustry, since its birth, has always been the center for producing fil ms and circulating ideologies. With its coexistence with modernity, it is no doubt that Hollywood has produced films, which aim to entertain and to give the new thoughts and experience of modernity to its audiences around the world. Hence, in this essay I choose two films, ‘Sunrise: a Song of Two Humans’ and ‘The Notebook,’ which coming from different eras of Hollywood and functioning as vernacular modernism, for the analysis onRead MoreThe Emergence Of The New Literary Movement1072 Words   |  5 Pages It seems every few decades the literary ground shifts. Romanticism and Realism dominated the latter 18th century well into the 19th century. Next came Modernism, arising in the 1900s. Soon after, postmodernism took stage in the 1950s. Now into the 2000s, authors have performed remarkable feats of literary creativity and diversity. Authors are evoking occurrences from the turn of the millennium—events and conflicts that are specific to the twenty-fir st century. The new forms, tropes and theoreticalRead MoreModernism : Modernism And Modernism901 Words   |  4 Pagesmoving from Modernism to Postmodernism. Modernism s birth is somewhat controversial but our text puts it at 1910. Paul Cezanne, who was closely tied with Cubism, has been credited as one of the fathers of Modernism. A lot was changing during this period which produced a slew of new styles such as, Post Impressionism, Symbolism, and Surrealism to name a few. Modernism thrived from the early 20th century until the period denoted by World War II at which point it fell out of favor. Modernism was characterizedRead MoreModernism And Modernism Essay1885 Words   |  8 PagesThe sixties was an era of radical change. With the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War, the assassinations of President Kennedy and Martin Luther King, plus the success of the moon landing, people all around the world and especially in the United States were beginning to see a change in the world itself and the minds of the people in it. The sudden ability to receive messages from across oceans and the ability to travel internationally much safer and quicker also changed the way people looked at themselvesRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism2457 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper outlines, argues and evaluates the key ideas used in debates about modernism and postmodernism. In order to understand and evaluate the key ideas the terms modernism and postmodernism had to be defined. I found much difficulty in finding a clear and concise definition of the two terms and so I researched and formed a train of thoughts into one definition. Modernism, beginning in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century within Europe and America, was a movement mainly pioneeredRead MoreModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pages Modern or Modernist? High Modernism vs. Low Modernism Damian Sun 1238719 University of Waikato â€Æ' Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to aRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Home Burial And The Death Of The Hired Man 2384 Words   |  10 Pages THESIS STATEMENT Robert Frost, an American poet during the Nineteenth Century, Modernist Era, displayed the issues of realism through his life issues of death and spousal relations through his poems: â€Å"Home Burial† and â€Å"The Death of the Hired Man†. INTRODUCTION Robert Frost’s inspiration for his poetry derived from much of his life and the historical events that surrounded him. American literary critic, Harold Bloom wrote in his Bloom’s Major Poets, â€Å"Robert Frost is one of the major American poets†¦inRead More Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century3760 Words   |  16 Pagesrecognition of Pop Art as a movement took the majority of the 1950’s but early Pop art was very interesting and unique to the art world. â€Å"When Pop art was recognized as a shared phenomenon, there was hesitation as to what to call it† . â€Å"Some suggested New Realism based on an analogy between French and American movements† promoted by Pierre Restany. Others suggested Anti-Sensibility Painting but people discredited this name because it â€Å"jumped the gun†; The majority of people thought that it was only thoughtRead MoreThe Significance of Lily Barts Death (House of Mirth)2335 Wor ds   |  10 Pagesus feel that she is the last lady in New York, the ‘lone and solitary’ survivor of a bygone age. Wharton decides that Lily cannot survive, that the upper-class lady has to die in order to make way for the modern woman who will work, love and give birth. Lily’s ladylike self-silencing reminds us of her incapability to rise above the evasions that confine her conversations with Selden. In her search for a husband it is, in a sense, an effort to be ‘spoken for’. However, she has the opposite effect

Managing Practice Australian Organization †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Practice And Theory Australian Organization? Answer: Introduction Officeworks Limited is an Australian organization that deals with the supply of office products and furniture. Its the leading organization that deals with the supply of office and business furniture and it is also the management of Wesfarmers Limited. Officeworks was established in 1994 by the Coles Myer group which was later occupied by Wesfarmers limited in 2007, it also developed very rapidly and bought some other office suppliers such as the Viking office supplies and Harris technology in 2004. From my perspective, Officeworks Limited is a very organization that has been able to operate all 160 retail stores which have been able to capture the required attention of customers effectively thus meeting its intended objective (Bartram, Robertson, Callinan, 2002). Measure of effective organization There are several ways that can be used to measure the effectiveness of a business or organization, these include; internal process approach, goal approach, domain approach, constituency approach, and system resource approach. Goal approach is the measure or analysis of how best an organization has been able to meet its goal and objectives that it had intended to achieve in certain duration of time or process. The internal process approach is an analysis that can be done in the internal condition of management and employees in achieving the required goals of an organization and mostly also by meeting the employee satisfaction. System resource approach is the how the organization is able to get its required resources to run it operations effectively as required without any disruption. Constituency approach is the ability of a business to operate effectively many of its organizational branches both internally and externally. Domain approach is the measure of organizational effectivenes s through the ability to become successful within other related competitions (Price, 1972). I think the effectiveness of Officeworks Company has been contributed by various achievements such ability to reach customers targets by availing their retailer stores near the customer reach and also providing more efficient services to the clients or their customers. The customer satisfaction is very of many high standards where one can be able to acquire products through various simple means such online shopping and through phone calls. Also, they have an operating team that is responsible for the assistance of small businesses on issues pertaining business expertise. The organization has managed to sell out brands to the customers having more than 300000 brands of its own. (Gundelach, 1989). Constituency approach can be used to measure the effectiveness of business through the analysis of organization satisfaction to both managers, employees, suppliers, customers and the government (Hitt, 1988). Effective ness of an organization can be well analyzed through owners or the managers of the organization ability to meet their set of objectives and having good profit returns to the business. Another party that should be considered in the measuring effectiveness of an organization is through the customer satisfaction. In order for any organization to be considered effective customer satisfaction is the key priority in attaining the good profit returns or feedback. Also organization effectiveness as to customer satisfaction it should be able to meet the required standards of the services or products expected by the customer. It should also be able to serve the community through giving back by community development and offering employment. Suppliers satisfaction by the organization can be through the ability of the organization to meet the required agreement between the suppliers of the organization and also the good relationship. The effectiveness of an organization to the government is through good revenue returns and the ability of the organization to be able to support the economic development of the country. A good example Officeworks has provided 7000 employment opportunities to Australian citizens who were jobless and it a great revenue contributor to the government (Kirchhoff, 1977). Organizational effective operational structure Effectiveness in an organization is determined by different number of reasons this include; proper business planning and structure, good organizational flow in communication and exchange of ideas within and outside the organization environment, and good business relationship between the creditor, suppliers, government, community and customers (Bowen, Chase, Cummings, 1990). The most effective method of approach so that an organization can fully satisfy all the stakeholder groups is the constituency approach method. The constituency approach method is the analysis done on an organization in determining whether its entire interior (employees satisfaction and enjoy all the benefits) and exterior factor (customer, suppliers, creditors, and the government) are fully satisfied or meet their expectations. In accordance with my research and experience with Officeworks Limited I believe the organization has been able to achieve most of its required objectives and has also been able to meet the customer's satisfaction as of expected. The organization has a very effective layout of standards through it 360 of retail stores, one can be able to access his desired product in an easy manner. A good example the stores have divided into different academic levels also as a student I have enjoyed the convenience of being able to get all that I require all under one roof (Connolly, Conlon, Deutsch, 1980). The Proper approach that meets all the analysis any business may require to fully satisfy its goal and objectives will also lead to very positive results towards the development of both the organization and economic status of its surroundings (Zammuto, 1984). Also as for my research a proper goal and objective achievement by the organization it also reflects good profit returns, and if all the stake holders in the organization are fully satisfied growth and development will also be reflected in the infrastructure and economic surrounding of the organizations. Conclusion In conclusion, effective organization is the one that has the ability to meet the organizational objectives and also satisfying wants of all the organization stake holders. The effective organization should satisfy the owner through good profit returns and growth of the organization, satisfying the customer needs and wants, being able to pay off debts from creditors, suppliers and the government revenue. In order for an organization to operate effectively, it should choose a very suitable approach that can be able to analyze all the required amenities to meet all the set goals or objectives and to also satisfy all the stake holders (Quinn, Rohrbaugh, 1983). References Bartram, D., Robertson, I. T., Callinan, M. (2002). Introduction: A framework for examining organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness: The role of psychology, 1-10. Bowen, D. E., Chase, R. B., Cummings, T. G. (1990). Service management effectiveness: Balancing strategy, organization and human resources, operations, and marketing. Jossey-Bass. Connolly, T., Conlon, E. J., Deutsch, S. J. (1980). Organizational effectiveness: A multiple-constituency approach. Academy of Management Review, 5(2), 211-218. Gundelach, P. (1989). Effectiveness and the structure of new social movements. International Social Movement Research, 2, 427-442. Hitt, M. A. (1988). The measuring of organizational effectiveness: Multiple domains and constituencies. Management International Review, 28-40. Kirchhoff, B. A. (1977). Organization effectiveness measurement and policy research. Academy of Management Review, 2(3), 347-355. Price, J. L. (1972). The study of organizational effectiveness. The sociological quarterly, 13(1), 3-15. Quinn, R. E., Rohrbaugh, J. (1983). A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: Towards competing, values approach organizational analysis. Management Science, 29(3), 363-377. Zammuto, R. F. (1984). A comparison of multiple constituency models of organizational effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 606-616.

Informatics and Management Science

Question: Discuss about the Informatics and Management Science. Answer: Introduction: Branding of an organization has considered being most crucial as it helps in evaluating the desired growth of the firm by selling its products within the appropriate market segments. LEGO group is one of the private firms which were discovered in the year 1932 merely on a base of iconic LEGO@ brick which is known to be the leaders in manufacturing of Play Materials (Jensen, 2016).The primary aim of this paper is to highlight the different aspects of brand management within concerned market segments and for this particular paper LEGO group has been undertaken (Desbordes, 2013). The company desires to enhance as well as augment the energy level along with the skills of the children by making best toys as per their suitability (Van Hecke, 2010). The history of the company reveals the fact that the company started from a small workshop and soon became the international enterprise in the field of largest manufacturers of toys for children. Brand Inventory In development and management of a brand, it becomes very crucial to look forward to the crucial elements under brand inventory (Spanyol, 2014). These brand elements are the name, LOGO, diverse kind of the advertising programs, packaging, promotion as well as PR that facilitates to boost the efficacy of the whole brand to the clientele (Du, 2013). The change in the concerned market segments has evaluated the fact that the company needs to bring out the preferred creativity as well as innovation in the products as to retain the old consumers and for attracting the new consumers towards the firm. Brand elements The brand elements are as follows: LOGO This is considered to be the most crucial while the creation of brand value as the development of the LOGO helps in developing trust with the customers. The feedback received from the different clients helps to recognize that there are some customers for which the LOGO does not work and there some other customers who get emotionally attached to the brand (Fabozzi Markowitz, 2011). Offering the best quality of services as well as the products helps the customers for trusting on the brand and LEGO is doing this for a long period. Packaging This is another important element which needs to give top priority as the attractiveness of the products helps to draw the attention of the clients towards the product ("Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice", 2012). Children are more prone to the attractiveness of the toys which they have been offered and in order to draw their attention towards the toys the packaging needs to be of top most quality (Pettinger, Nelson, Economy, 2011). Promotions and advertisements The most crucial part is the promotion of the products offered by the firm by effective advertisement channels to the targeted customers (Keller, 2008). Use of the social media, as well as the cartoon channels on television, will help in generating a large amount of impact on the children regarding the purchasing of the toys and moreover, it will create the branding of the firm. Symbol Feelings of the different customers sometimes get attached to the symbol of the firm and therefore some people remains in favor of the symbol as well as brand whereas there are some people who dislike the brand due to the services provided by them. The symbol of Lego is quite good and it reflects the quality of the products delivered by the firm (Kendrick, 2010). Brand positioning The company is targeting the children of ages between 3 to 15 years of the age for selling its toys. LEGO is one of the reputed firms in the field of toy manufacturing across different parts of the world. In positioning of the brand, some points need to be properly analyzed such as the crucial requirements of the targeted customers and offering of the products along with the reasonable price range as to raise the selling of the individual products (Oriard, 2010). Figure: Perceptual map The perceptual map critically evaluates the fact that LEGO is in the group where it makes high quality, high cost and healthy of the products for all its customers. Brand mantra The brand mantra is to develop creative, innovative and efficient builders of tomorrow by the means learning and creative playing. The company is engaged in enhancing the skills, knowledge and the capability of the children by offering them creative and innovative toys which will help in promoting effective learning. SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses The company has strongest brand name across 55 countries Has the strongest portfolio for the products Incorporation of educational features to enhance the skills of children Diversifying the brand across different various video games Providing encouragement to children regarding development of problem-solving skills The increment of the online video games has resulted in loss for the market shares Incomplete knowledge of the employees regarding the services and products Improper strategies for perfect branding of the firm Imitation of the respective toys available with the firm is a major area of concern Improper management of the brand by not utilizing resources effectively Opportunities Threats Using the brand name of the firm in attracting the customers regarding the purchase of the toys Diversifying the corporation into several other marketplaces Efficient use of the branding strategies in order to build the desired reputation of the company Limited resources of the brand affect the business processes The location of the business needs to be improved by shifting it to the appropriate places Some of the potential competitors are Mega Bloks, Oxford Toys, Hasbro KRE-O, Cobi and Best-Lock Development of the online games as well as the different cartoon channels are crucial threat for the firm Effective use of internet affects the business process and selling of the toys Increase in the number of the outdoor games also diverts the children for purchasing toys and is a potential threat to the firm Shifting of the consumer behavior as well as the newly enhanced products affects the firm SWOT analysis implications Opportunities Threats Strengths The brand name and the quality products of the firm can be used in increasing the profitability of the organization. Delivering the best quality of products which will help to promote effective learning for students will reduce the impact of threats. Weaknesses Proper innovative tools s needed to develop best toys as to reduce the impact of the online games. The short and long term goals needed to be defined for reducing the impact of other games and promoting the toys manufactured by LEGO. Differentiation strategies related to the quality purpose and cost price of the products are crucial in order to reduce the potential threat from the competitors. Conclusion The paper concludes that the LEGO is aimed to develop creative skills within children of ages 3 to 15 years old with the help of creative and innovative toys. Brand inventory includes brand elements such as the name, LOGO, diverse kind of the advertising programs, packaging, promotion which helps in establishing the reputation of the brand in the targeted market area. References Desbordes, M. (2013). Latest sponsorship strategies and the need for research.International Journal Of Sports Marketing And Sponsorship,14(3), 1-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-14-03-2013-b001 Du, W. (2013).Informatics and management science V. London: Springer. Fabozzi, F. Markowitz, H. (2011).The theory and practice of investment management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice. (2012).Journal Of Consumer Marketing,29(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm.2012.07729caa.002 Jensen, M. (2016).The LEGO Brand - The LEGO Group - About Us LEGO.com.Lego.com. Retrieved 21 August 2016, from https://www.lego.com/en-us/aboutus/lego-group/the_lego_brand Keller, K. (2008).Strategic brand management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Kendrick, R. (2010).Cyber Risks for Business Professionals. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Oriard, M. (2010).Brand NFL. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Pettinger, R., Nelson, B., Economy, P. (2011).Management for dummies. Chichester: Wiley. Spanyol, T. (2014). Nuisance calls latest.J Direct Data Digit Mark Pract,15(4), 348-350. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2014.31 Van Hecke, M. (2010).The brain advantage. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.