Difference Between Humanistic Geography and Positivistic...

Difference Between Humanistic Geography and Positivistic Approach There are definite differences between positivism and humanistic methods that geographers use. Positivism, which has it’s roots in quantitative theories, excludes the human element and includes such fundamentals as cumulative data. Humanistic geography has it’s roots in qualitative procedures and focuses on the combination of research with the people. Positivism is a rigorous and formal way to collect and analyze data that was developed around the 1960’s by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) who is also credited with formalizing it. Studies are clear and straight forward and researchers believe that there is only one method that all sciences should rely on. Positivism believes†¦show more content†¦Within the humanistic views there are several different ways of thinking; pragmatism, phenomenology, existentialism, and idealism. While existentialism and idealism have not been very influential in geography, pragmatism and phenomenology have been. Pragmatism believes that every human action is based on human perceptions and experiences. The focus is on groups or societies rather then on individuals. Phenomenology believes that knowledge is subjective and that the understanding of the individual is crucial. Researchers who use this method need to be able to be sympathetic and have a deep understanding of the issue being research ed. Humanistic researchers believe that it is impossible to separate the mind and reality and therefore there cannot be a set of standards and reproducible methods to be used. These geographers will use a more loosely structured set of ideas and consider the individual being studied as well as the geographer’s own intuition and interpretation. One prominent geographer named Yi-Fu Tuan, who was born in 1930, was critical of geography that did not include the humanistic factor. Landscapes, he believed, were often a result of the humans living around or near them. For example, gardens were a persons attempt to control the environment. The humanistic approach allows the scholar to explore a wide range of human experiences, but it lacks rigorous procedures of objectiveShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constitu ting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide

Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Down Syndrome Essay Down Syndrome Essay is a birth defect caused by a genetic disorder that affects 350,000 people in the United States. It is caused by abnormalities in the genes and is not inherited, meaning that parents do not pass this onto their children. Genetics is the study of heredity or how certain traits are passed from parents to their children. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. Cells are the building blocks of your body and each one of us has more than 100 trillion cells. Our genes are located in chromosomes. Each cell in your body contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. In a person with Down syndrome, there are 47 chromosomes. In 1956, a French researcher named Jerome Lejeune used a new powerful microscope to view human strands of DNA. DNA is what holds an individual persons genes. He studied these DNA strands and determined that there is an extra strand in chromosome 21, which is now called Trisomy 21 tri meaning three and somy for the word chromosome meaning three chromosomes. No one knows exactly what causes Down syndrome aside from it being genetic. Many years ago, this condition was known as mongolism or people that had it were called mongolian idiots. But in later years, Asian people as well as parents of these children protested these terms and in the 1960s the condition became known as Down syndrome in honor of the English doctor John Langdon Down. Who, in 1866, studied people with mental retardation and noted distinct physical features in them. Some of the physical features associated with Down syndrome are low muscle tone, many newborns appear as floppy and not toned, they have flat facial features especially a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge. Their eyes are slightly slanted with small skin folds at the inner corner. The have a short neck, small abnormal shaped ears, and an enlarged tongue that often tends to protrude making speech difficult to understand. Many people with Down syndrome suffer from a variety of health problems. The most common and significant symptom is mental retardation, which ranges from mild to moderate. People with Down syndrome suffer from congenital heart defects, which affect approximately 40-50% of these people. Their poor muscle tone makes much physical activity difficult. There are many hormonal problems, mainly thyroid disease. People with Down syndrome suffer from circulatory problems, respiratory ailments, and digestive problems. Nearly 70% of infants have some type of problem with their eyes. The most common eye problem is eye muscle imbalance, known as strabismus which causes the eyes to cross. About 50% afflicted with Down syndrome will suffer from hearing loss. Many of these problems can be serious or even life threatening but fortunately, most of them can be treated if they are detected early. Due to the nature of the disease and the many health issues involved, the life expectancy for a person with Down syndrome is only 50-65 years. Babies are born with poor muscle tone causing weak muscles and making it harder for them to develop motor skills such as using their arms and legs. It is harder for them to grasp objects, crawl, and walk. Children with Down syndrome have difficulty with their cognitive (thinking) abilities, problem solving, memory retention, social, language, and motor skills. This is one reason why people with Down syndrome become frustrated very easily. Although people with disabilities are becoming more acceptable in society, we still have a long way to go. Congress has passed many laws to help the disabled such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, and the most well known, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991. Facebook, Twitter and Other Social Websites EssayThyroid dysfunctions are more common in children with Down syndrome than in normal children. Between 15 and 20 per cent of children with Down syndrome have hypothyroidism. It is important to identify individuals with Down syndrome who have thyroid disorders since hypothyroidism may compromise normal central nervous system functioning. Skeletal problems have also been noted at a higher frequency in children with Down syndrome, including kneecap subluxation (incomplete or partial dislocation), hip dislocation, and atlantoaxial instability. The latter condition occurs when the first two neck bones are not well aligned because of the presence of loose ligaments. Approximately 15 percent of people with Down syndrome have atlantoaxial instability. Most of these individuals, however, do not have any symptoms, and only 1 -2 percent of individuals with Down syndrome have a serious neck problem that requires surgical intervention. Other important medical aspects in Down syndrome, including immunologic concerns, leukemia, Alzheimer disease, seizure disorders, sleep apnea and skin disorders, may require the attention of specialists in their respective fields. TreatmentAlthough many medications and various therapies have been touted as treatment for people with Down syndrome, there is no effective medical treatment available at the present time. However, recent advances in molecular biology make it feasible now to examine the genetic basis for Down syndrome. Once we identify the genes on chromosome 21 ( many already have been discovered) and once we find the mechanism of how these genes interfere with normal developmental sequences, and if one could counteract these specific actions, a rational approach to medical therapy could emerge. Today early intervention programs, pre-school nurseries, and integrated special education strategies have demonstrated that youngsters with Down syndrome can participate in many learning experiences which can positively influence their overall functioning. Research has shown that early intervention, environmental enrichment, and assistance to the families will result in progress that is usually not achieved by those infants who have not had such educational and stimulating experiences. Children with Down syndrome, like all children, can benefit from sensory stimulation, specific exercises involving gross and fine motor activities, and instruction in cognitive development. Also, preschool nurseries play an important role in the young childs life since exploring the environment beyond the home enables the child to participate in a broader world. Later, the school can give the child a foundation for life through the development of academic skills and physical as well as social abilities. Experiences provided in school assist the child in obtaining a feeling of self-respect and enjoyment. School should provide an opportunity for the child to engage in sharing relationships with others and help to prepare the child to become a productive citizen. Contrary to some views, all children can learn, and they will benefit from placement in a normalized setting with support as needed. During adoles cence, youngsters with Down syndrome should be exposed to prevocational training in order to learn good work habits and to engage in proper relationships with co-workers. Appropriate vocational counseling and job training will result in meaningful employment, and this, in turn, should lead to a feeling of self-worth and of making a contribution to society. PreventionsParents who have a child with Down syndrome have an increased risk of having another child with Down syndrome in future pregnancies. It is estimated that the risk of having another child with Down syndrome is about one in 100 in trisomy 21 and mosaicism. If, however, the child has translocation Down syndrome and if one of the parents is a translocation carrier, then the risk of recurrence increases markedly. The actual risk depends on the type of translocation and whether the translocation is carried by the father or the mother.

KFC in India Essay Essay Example

KFC in India Essay Essay 1. Since its entry into India in 1995. KFC has been confronting protests by cultural and economic militants and husbandmans. What are the grounds for these protests and do you believe these grounds are justified? Exaplain. During the early 1990s. KFC set up their concern at India and they were faced all sort of protests by cultural. economic militants and husbandmans ( The Ecologist. 1995 ) . On the twelvemonth of 1995. KFC open the first mercantile establishment at Bangalore and KFC was among the first fast-food multinational to come in India. One of the instance which KFC involved is the municipal nutrient inspectors found that KFC’s â€Å"hot A ; spicy† flavoring contained about three times more single-channel Na glutamate ( MSG. popularly known as ajinomoto. a spirit heightening ingredient ) than allowed by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. 1954 ( IPFAA ) ( Ray. Ashis. 1995 ) . Harmonizing to the IPFAA. fast nutrient eating houses can merely incorporate maximal 1 per centum of MSG as a flavorer of the nutrient. Therefore. the KFC’s poulet being sent for nutrient inspectors’ scrutiny. followed by research lab trials and analysis. But after all the process. they found that KFC’s poulet had exceed the legal MSG bounds which is contained 2. 8 per centum of MSG. Due to this issue. KFC being charged because of â€Å"adulterated. misbranded. and unfit for human ingestion. ( Ray. Ashis. 1995 ) We will write a custom essay sample on KFC in India Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on KFC in India Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on KFC in India Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the protests faced at Bangalore. Pepsi Co opened a 2nd KFC mercantile establishment in Delhi. the national capital. in October 1995 ( Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. 1995 ) . Within twosome of hebdomads of launch. KFC in Delhi had to halt its concern as wellness functionaries canceled its licence on November 1995 due to surfacing mix imported from United States contained sodium aluminum phosphate ( SAP ) . which was risky to human wellness. Meanwhile. KFC was able to turn out that SAP was used in little measures in the baking pulverization and was non harmful. And the KFC had won the instance and resumed back its concern. ( Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. 1995 ) After all the protests had been settle down. the militant from Delhi against taking up another issues about the hygiene conditions of the eating house. Due to an review by nutrient inspectors found flies bombinating around the kitchen and refuse tins merely outside the eating house premises. Because of the issue . the Delhi KFC mercantile establishment was closed within 23 yearss of reopening. From the cultural and economic militants and husbandmans perspective. KFC will besides convey legion disadvantage towards them if KFC start up their concern at India. Patriots besides feared a civilization invasion ; conservationists and husbandmans felt grain ingestion by cowss for meat production would be damaging ; and dieticians highlighted the ingestion of fast nutrient will increase the rate of fleshiness. high blood pressure. bosom disease. and malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore. they were protest the entry of KFC into their state and they besides carry â€Å"boycott KFC† marks while protest. KFC had experience different sort of issue raised up by the cultural and economic militants and husbandmans. there are some instances where the KFC should research about India civilization before they enter. Most of the protests instances was because of the healthy issues brings to the people after consume the KFC’s poulet ( Protest against KFC. 2004 ) Sometimes. many concerns excessively focus on net income devising and did non concern on the consumer’s healthy. Therefore. KFC have to follow the legal demand of the nutrient in order to prolong their concern in India. On the others manus. most of the husbandmans protest is because they feared that the fast-food concatenation will impact its local agricultural environment ( Narasimhan. Shakuntala. 1996 ) . All this is approximately ethical of concern. KFC should non function a nutrient which is contained unhealthy ingredient and they must besides concern more on the economic system growing at India. 2. PETA has been protesting against KFC in India since the last 1990s. What are the grounds for PETA’s protests against KFC and how did KFC’s direction react to them? Make you hold with PETA that KFC has been barbarous toward the birds and hence it should go forth India? Based on this instance survey. we found out that KFC in India faced terrible protests by Peoples for Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) . an carnal rights protection organisation. The ground for PETA’s protest against KFC was chiefly due to the inhumane intervention the poulets faced on KFC farms and released a picture tape demoing the maltreatment of birds in KFC’s domestic fowl farms. Pilgrim’s Pride ( PP ) is one of KFC’s award-winning supply operations and the 2nd largest processor of poulets in the United States. PETA’s probes in Pilgrim’s Pride domestic fowl farm brought to illume the inappropriate patterns that prevailed in KFC’s provider operat ions. Yamini Aparna K. Vivek Gupta ( 2004 ) . In other word PETA found a picture exposing KFC provider maltreatment poulets by barbarous fast one and this instantly aroused public attending. In the 4 minute picture released by PETA in respects to these allegations. viewing audiences witnessed birds populating in overcrowded. crammed warehouses with hardly any infinite to travel. huge sums of poulet carcases that had died from disease. dirty. injured poulets and the barbarous actions towards the animate beings by the custodies of the staff. Besides that. the staff do anything to mistreat the poulet. they frequently cut off their wings. banging them to the wall. plug them as sandbags. kicked them as football. At slaughter. the chicken’ pharynxs are slit and dropped into armored combat vehicles of scalding-hot H2O while they are still witting. ( refer to cite 11 ) They abuse the poulets alive to decease and so gave to outlet frying as delightful fried lily-livered service all around the universe. Though other fast nutrient organisations such as McDonald’s and Burger King had already ‘upped’ their criterions sing the intervention of animate beings. KFC had yet to make so. In these mills and domestic fowl farms. birds were kept in really unhygienic conditions and treated cruelly. However. undiscouraged by the protests by PETA and other carnal rights organisations. KFC planned a monolithic enlargement plan in India. Margaret Scheikowski ( 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ‘PETA’s Fact Sheet of KFC’s Cruelty’ . there were six chief points of enduring the poulets faced. Dan Mathews. PETA ( July 12. 2011 ) . These included ; I. Having less than a normal sized piece of paper to populate in -This is where the poulets are stuffed by 10s of 1000s into overcrowded sheds where they barely find infinite to travel freely. To salvage infinite and avoid poulet aching each other. the sensitive poulet beaks are cut off with hot blade without giving any hurting slayers. Overcrowding and hapless litter quality in the farms besides caused painful ammonium hydroxide Burnss on the poulets. The injured poulets received no intervention and had to bear the hurting throughout their life. two. Suffering from crippled and deformed legs since birth and deceasing early from bosom onslaughts as a consequence of hapless engendering methods – Birds are fed genetically modified provender in order to speed up their growing rate. As a consequence they suffer from complaints such as utmost fleshiness and fatty livers and kidneys. bosom onslaughts and other jobs. three. Being killed before making six hebdomads of age-This is where the poulets are slaughtered before they are 6 hebdomads old. At the slaughter house. poulets are hung upside down and transferred through conveyer belts to the violent death room to the full witting. four. Defeated Workers– Due to hapless rewards and working conditions. employees used the poulets as a agency to vent defeats and alleviate ennui. They twisted the bird’s heads off. spat baccy into their eyes and oral cavities. spray-painted their faces. used them as footballs and squeezed their organic structures so hard that the birds expelled fecal matters. v. Mistreatment by indurate staff and ;six. Receiving small to no veterinary attention KFC’s direction in response to PETA’s protest was adding more mercantile establishments and the proclamation of major developments to the plan. They besides planned to open more shops in premier locations such as shopping promenades in widely distributed countries. Vegetarian dishes were besides implemented into the bill of fare to provide and pull the mass vegetarian population. However. PETA India wrote a missive to the Managing Director of Tricon Restaurant International. the parent company of KFC. inquiring them to shut their exclusive KFC mercantile establishment in India. But their responses are got no answer. So that. PETA activists decided to protest against KFC by transporting crippled poulet. which represented the birds enduring in the KFC’s farms. PETA claimed that after two old ages of intensive candidacy to increase carnal public assistance criterions in domestic fowl farms. After analysing the instance survey and PETA’s fact sheet. it is clea r that KFC are barbarous towards their birds and hence should go forth India. Furthermore. as KFC is such a powerful transnational company and with support from the manager of selling of Yum! Restaurants International who assured KFC followed the public assistance guidelines and valued Indian jurisprudence. this result was extremely improbable. 3. What is the importance of moralss in making concern? Do you believe in the face of ferocious competition. concern organisations are justified non to back up ethical values at the cost of doing net incomes? Why or why non? Justify your reply giving illustrations. There is no uncertainty that concern moralss plays a more and more of import function in modern economic system. Ethical motives can be associated with being just. honest. and moral and being ‘the right thing to do’ . There are many indispensable benefits to those concerns known for good ethical values ( Steven Symes. July 2014 ) . One of the duties of an organisation is to do certain that all their actions to the ethical criterions provided by the jurisprudence. the KFC demand to follow the regulation and ordinance at the state. Other than scheme for selling and direction. concerns have considered other elements that play important functions towards success. One of these of import elements is moralss. These o rganisations tend to be those that attain higher choice staff. staff turnover is low. better image. pull and keep new and bing consumers and have a greater competitory advantage. Though many concerns try and aim to be both ethical and successful. countless believe it to acquire in the manner of doing a net income ( VoiceLee1. October 2013 ) . Depending on which state and province you are in can find the sum of problem a company may confront with their unethical behaviour. In utmost instances this may take to the jurisprudence being involved which chiefly takes net incomes off from concerns and to run in certain markets. Consumer international ( 2008 ) . Based on the instance survey of KFC in India. being a big international company instantly draws attending. Even though domestic concerns in India may non follow the ‘right’ ethical processs. KFC is automatically under the limelight as locals expect them to follow international criterions. In the face of ferocious competition. concern organisations should hold support ethical values whether they believe it will impact their net incomes or non. For any organisation. ‘the client is ever right’ and are one of the most of import factor in maintaining the concern alive as this is where net incomes are made. As clients have moralss. if they are non happy. no net incomes. Laura Costa. Ph. D. ( December. 2012 ) It is extremely indispensable for concern organisations to understand the importance of moralss in today’s universe. In order to accomplish this. big international companies such as KFC who are spread outing their concerns in less develop states such as India. demand to derive apprehension of the state civilization. regulative and ecological issues. So that. KFC should work together and spouse up with local husbandmans every bit good as with their consumers to guarantee them they have quality merchandises. Another scheme may besides be to implement a farm degree guideline and analysis studies for their stakeholders sing domestic fowl attention and handling. Ronald D Francis A ; Mukti Mishra ( 2014 ) . pg 56-60. 4. DecisionFinally. we can understand from the instance that every concern organisation should understand the importance of moralss by understanding the civilization. regulative and ecological issues in different states. KFC should implement a farm degree guideline A ; audit plan – a plan which is industry taking in the countries of domestic fowl attention and handling. chiefly for their provider in the broiler industry. Therefore the company necessitate some common rules to steer the behaviours. It is much easier for a company with good moral behaviors to construct its repute and win regard from all facets of a society. KFC has been already gained the repute of a fast nutrient that continuously provides oily unhealthy nutrient. so it needs to make something about and switch its positive image back. Mention1. Yamini Aparna K. Vivek Gupta ( 2004 ) KFC in India: Ethical Issues [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. asiacase. com/ecatalog/NO_FILTERS/page-CROSSMGT-649128. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:17th July 2014 ] 2. Margaret Scheikowski ( 2009 ) Family sues KFC over â€Å"food Poisoning† . [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //news. ninemsn. com. au/national/845258/kfc-sued-over-salmonella-poisoning [ Accessed:17th July 2014 ] 3. Dan Mathews. PETA ( July 12. 2011 ) . KFC in India Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kentuckyfriedcruelty. com/index. asp [ Accessed:18th July 2014 ] 4. Schreiner. Bruce ( 23 July 2005 ) . â€Å"KFC still guards Colonel’s secret† . Associated Press. Retrieved 19 September 2013. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //jacksonville. com/tu-online/stories/072305/bus_19314459. shtml [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 5. VoiceLee1. October 2013’KFC in India Case Study Assignment ( Ethical Issue ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/essays/Kfc-In-India-Case-Study-Assignment-39922528. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 6. Consumer international ( 2008 ) WCRD 2008 [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. consumersinternational. org/Templates/Internal. asp? NodeID= 97050 A ; int1stParentNodeID=89647 A ; int2ndParentNodeID=95043 [ Accessed:19th July 2014 ] 7. Laura Costa. Ph. D. ( December. 2012 ) Protect You from Harmful Chemicals in Cosmetics and Household Products. [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //loveyourbody. nowfoundation. org/harmful_chemicals. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 8. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN ( KFC ) IN INDIA ( No day of the month ) [ Online ] Available fromhttp: //www. freeessays123. com/essay21631/kentuckyfriedchickenkfcinindia. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 9. Ronald D Francis A ; Mukti Mishra ( 2014 ) . pg 56-60† Business Ethical† Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com. my/books? id=xV8l8EUCOjQC A ; pg=PA176 A ; lpg=PA176 A ; dq=www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/†¦/business % 2520ethics/BECG044. +HTML A ; source=bl A ; ots=wKboQnsm4A A ; sig=4Cd0mvIFlBRz-LMhNMOzZVsx1L8 A ; hl=en A ; sa=X A ; ei=jO7LU8z7HIq9ugTB0ILACw A ; ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg # v=onepage A ; q=www. icmrindia. org % 2Fcasestudies % 2 F†¦ % 2Fbusiness % 2520ethics % 2FBECG044. % 20HTML A ; f=false [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 10. Steven Symes ( July 2014 ) . ‘Importance of Ethical Conduct in a Business. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness. chron. com/importance-ethical-conduct-business-25163. hypertext markup language [ Accessed:20th July 2014 ] 11. picture released by PETA hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qXKExmm_Mk0 or hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2zLZrAQ8JIM or hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e5eMQ-3Drmw 12. Ray. Ashis. † KFC Takes On India over MSG. † World Wide Web. cnn. com. September 21. 1995 13. â€Å"Delhi’s Fried Chicken Blues. † World Wide Web. theasiaweek. com. November 24. 1995 14. â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken Protest in India. † The Ecologist. November/ December 1995 15. Narasimhan. Shakuntala. â€Å"Tandoori vs Kentucky Fried. † Multinational Monitor. January/ February 1996 16. â€Å"Protest against KFC. † World Wide Web. Hindu. com. February 18. 2004

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career When we think about succeeding in our professional lives, most of the things we consider revolve around our work. But there is something to be said for the art of conversation that will lead you to new opportunities. By using these 10 useful phrases, you’ll be able to boost your career in ways you never thought were possible. Â  Source: [brightside.me]

Bowling For Columbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bowling For Columbine - Essay Example re does not give ready-made conclusions on the cause of this tragedy, he has identified some important pathologies of American society that inevitably leads to massacres of this kind. Moore makes a convincing case that gun possession in the United States is an identifiable cultural phenomenon, directly linked with the culture of fear prevailing in the country both at the micro and macro levels. What Moore identifies as the culture of fear is nothing but manufactured by the elites in the United States. This American reality is the result of the entrenched ruling of the politico-military-industry complex that has a substantial role in the emergence of this trigger culture. Extremely, Michele Moore was able to show that one could get a gun in America even for opening a bank account. The culture of gun ownership in the United States is certainly one of the important factors that makes tragedies such as Columbine School shooting not only possible but also a concrete possibility. However, it is not possible to empirically link the occurrence of crimes with the widespread ownership of guns since there are many countries that too have high gun possession rates but less related crimes. On the other hand, other factors such as the propagation of violence through media, especially new media technologies like those that video games could effectively be linked to the crimes. Michele Moore himself highlights the case of Switzerland where it is compulsory for the citizens to have guns as it has no standing army. Yet, high rates of gun possession related crimes have been not reported from there. Curiously, Moore points fingers to that fact that the United States has the worlds largest defense facilities which include weapons of mass destruction, while seeking the roots of C olumbine High School tragedy. Certainly, the cultural attitudes stemming from the violent past of the United States have a decisive role in the high gun ownership rates and related crimes. Nevertheless, there

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Shawshank Redemption - Essay Example Becoming a filmmaker is not like becoming a dentist that involves having a role model and going to dental school for some years and then going to that line of work. The movie business is based on a lot of intellectual things like instinct, talent, effort, persistence and believing in yourself. So the real answer for those who are listening to me is I was my own role model; I found my own path because I believed that what works for another person cannot work for me and vice versa. It is as a result of my ambition that I struggled for 9 years to become a writer before starting earning a living from it. The movie Shawshank Redemption is rated as an uplifting, profoundly satisfying drama with not only sensitive direction, but also fine performances. Can you please explain what might have led to your movie achieving such a profound rating? First, I will attribute the rating of Shawshank Redemption as one of the best movies to have been produced to the flow of the story. The story presented in this movie can be understood by almost every person who watches it. The choice of key characters is also another thing that enhanced the success of the movie. The main characters in the Shawshank Redemption were Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman, who were among the renowned actors in that time. Incorporation of these two characters in a movie was by itself a success. Apart from storyline and choice of characters, cinematography also played a part in enhancing the success of the Shawshank Redemption in the movie industry. My working together with Roger Deakins, a renowned cinematographer, enhanced production of quality photographic images and effects. In relation to the cinematography that you have just touched on, throughout the movie you have used lighting.

Reticular Activating System Essay Example for Free

Reticular Activating System Essay He believed that Dreams are the guardians of sleep. He also believed that they provided an insight into the motives of a persons behaviour. He described it as the royal road to the unconscious. He believed that no matter how absurd a dream was it always possessed meaning and logic. He warned that dreams had to be analysed in the context of a person s waking life. According to Freud the mind had 3 components. Id: This is concerned with basic instinctive urges such as the need for food, comfort and sexual gratification. It works at an unconscious level. It is not driven by logic and is the pre-socialized part of the personality. He felt that we are driven by unconscious urges, and that through dreams the unconscious desires are expressed, Thus relieving psychic tensions. The Id works on the Pleasure principle Superego: Its components are the conscience. This threatens the Ego with punishment, in the form of guilt, for bad behaviour. The other component is the ego-ideal which promises rewards, in the form of pride and high self esteem, for good behaviour. This is developed throughout childhood. This part represents the moral part of the personality and wishes to do the decent/right thing. This is a part of the id that has been modified by influences of the external world. This is the decision maker, working on a rational and logical basis. The demands of immediate gratification by the Id will be postponed by the Ego until the appropriate time and place. It is not imposing constraints on moral grounds; its priority is the CONSEQUENSES of behaviour This works on the reality principle. Freud believed that behaviour is an interaction of these 3 systems. With the Id being repressed by the Ego and Superego, causing anxiety during waking hours. During dreams the Superego is partially asleep And the Id can get through. The Superego Disguises the Id thoughts, (to stop nightmares. ) Dreaming, he saw as protecting sleep, by Providing an outlet for disturbing and repressed Thoughts, in a modified form, without them coming Into consciousness. The contents of dreams were referred to as: Latent This is the real meaning of a dream. These would be conflicts or dis. Thought. Manifest This is what you actually dream. He Argues that this is a censored and symbolic. Although Jung had been a close colleague of Freud, helping him form the psychoanalytic movement, in 1913 he broke ranks. He did not agree that all dreams are wish-fulfilments. He believed that they were a way of acquiring self-knowledge and to restore our psychological balance. He stated that they were just as likely to point to the future, (by suggesting solutions), as to the past. He did agree that dreams can reveal parts of the self that are usually concealed during waking hours. He believed that the Id expresses desires through daydreams. He preferred to take a dreams at face value and also to study dream series rather as opposed to an individual dream. WEBB CARTWRIGHT p Problem-solving theory of dreaming They believe that dreams are a way of identifying and working through problems of the waking life. They do not believe that the true meanings of dreams are disguised and therefore do not distinguish between the latent and manifest content. However the use of metaphor is included in their theory. 4 Problem Solving theory cont. A number of studies support this theory. (cartwright,1978), presented people with common problems. Those who were allowed to sleep uninterrupted later made far more realistic suggestions towards a solution than those who had been deprived of REM sleep. Hartman 1973, showed that people suffering from occupational or relationship problems enter REM sleep earlier and spend longer in it than less troubled subjects. EVANS p Reprogramming theory of dreaming According To Evans during REM sleep the brain shuts off from the external world, isolating itself from sensory input. This time is spent sorting through new data and updating existing memory systems. A number of studies have shown that REM sleep increases following mental activities of a complex nature. Herman Roffwarg 1983, also supported Evan s theory. In their study participants wore distorting lenses during their waking day. These made everything appear upside down. This took a great deal of mental effort to adjust to. 5 Sup. for Evan s theory cont. Herman Roffwang 1983 cont Subsequent monitoring revealed an increase in periods of REM sleep. Evan s theory has also been supported by the findings of older people spending shorter periods dreaming. Neurobiological Approach HOBSON McCARLY 1977 Activation synthesis Theory of Dreams They proposed that dreaming begins with the random firing of giant cells, located in the R. A. S. of the pons, which in turn activate adjacent nerve cells. These include those concerned with vision, motor activity and emotion. This activity also reduces the tone of major muscles, producing temporary paralysis. This prevents us acting out our dreams. Morrison 1983, found that cats with damage to the brain stem actually chased the subject of their dreams and ignored real mice. Although the body is not moving, the cerebral cortex is still receiving information, originating from the giant cells, which suggests it is. In an attempt to make sense of the random activity it merges or synthesises it, using memory to create a dream. Activity of nerve cells involved in balance for example may evolve as dreams about falling. 6 Some have argued that if dreams were merely a meaningless bi-product of random firing of nerve cells they would not reflect our daily experiences, as they often do. Hobson and McCarley argued that the areas of the cortex that have been most recently stimulated during the day are also most likely to   together with the brain persistently seeking to find meaning, even if there is none in the data. The unusual intensity and chaos involved in this neural activity accounts for the sometimes erratic and strange content of dreams. Hobson also agued that the periodic activation of the brain during sleep is due to the giant cells of the pons firing in an uncontrolled way. This continues until the supply of the neurotransmitter acetycholine ,which they are sensitive to, is depleted. This brings about the end of REM sleep, until acetycholine stores are replaced, and the nest period of REM sleep will begin. CRICK MITCHISON 1983 Nuero Reverse Learning Theory of Dreams They argued that we dream in order to forget. They view the random firing during REM as the brains method of destroying synaptic connections involved in storing useless information. The removal of worthless or parasitic information creates space for material of more use. They called this process reverse learning or unlearning. 7 They point out that animals who do not have REM sleep, such as dolphins and spiny anteaters have abnormally large cortexes. This could be that they have developed in this way to house vast amounts of information. Alternatively, it could be that with the extra space they have no need to unlearn. Winson suggested that a large cortex enables them to carry out unlearning while awake. This theory would explain why we rarely remember our dreams. According to this model, to remember a dream means that we have re-stored the very info. We were trying to forget. This does not explain why some dreams are very coherent and significant. Connectionists theories suggest that we have no need to save space as we have vast potential for storage information. Critics of neurobiological theories argue that if dreams were meaningless, history would not have provided us with so many examples of creations and inspirations that have manifested during them. Neither the psychological or neurobiological theories of dreaming can account for the findings of activity very similar to REM sleep in foetuses. Jouvert suggests that the firing of nerve cells during REM activates information, concerning instinctual behaviour, that is stored in the genes. Once activated it is then programmed into the brain.